Alcohol, Chemistry and You
Introduction
Dr. Bill Boggan


We can find alcohols throughout our daily lives. An alcohol is an organic chemical compound containing the -OH group and there are thousands of alcohols in this series of related chemical compounds. Alcohols are all toxic to humans and they are used in industry and home for the manufacture of other compounds (MTBE gasoline additives, paints, food additives, thickeners), as automotive antifreeze (methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol), as a component of cleaners (isopropanol), cosmetics (glycerol), and other household items, as fuels (ethanol) and as a component of beverages: beer, wine, spirits, and champagne.

Alcohol-containing beverages are usually the main focus of discussions about alcohol. Of the many compounds that are alcohols, only one, ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) is the component of the beer and wine and bourbon and scotch and champagne that we drink. Whether we enjoy the pleasure of modest alcohol consumption or we get high or drunk from alcohol, it is because we have been affected by the ethyl alcohol we have drinking.

We associate the consumption of alcohol with the most pleasurable aspects of our culture. Parties and sports, picnics and vacations, summer and winter are all influenced by the attractions of Bud Light or Miller Genuine Draft.

Most people who drink derive pleasure, relaxation and the potential for certain health benefits from ethanol consumption.

 


Ball and stick model of ethyl alcohol

US Ethyl Alcohol Consumption in Beverages

The per capita (average consumed by each person) consumption of alcohol by people 15 and older in the United States has not substantially changed in the years 1850 to 1998 (last year of data).

In 1998 the apparent per capita consumption was 2.19 gallons of ethanol in beverages. In 1850 this amount was 2.10 gallons. Not surprisingly most of this ethanol consumption is in the form of beer 1.25 gallons, followed by spirits (0.63 gallons) and then wine 0.31 gallons. Interestingly about 35% of adults don’t drink ethanol, therefore the amount of ethanol consumed by the individuals who do drink is actually higher than those figures presented above. Men drink more ethanol than women. For example in 1994, 70% of men were drinkers, but only 61% of women.

Note: These figures express consumption of alcohol - not of the beverage in which the alcohol is contained. For example, the average per capita consumption of alcohol in beer is .63 gallon. If the alcohol content of beer is 6% - that is about correct - then the average per capita consumption of beer is:

gal.beer = gal. alc/.06 = ~10 gal.beer

 

But for a percentage, alcohol consumption leads to over consumption and abuse. The problems associated with drinking, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, vary not only with gender, but with ethnicity. Far more white men abuse alcohol or are dependent upon alcohol (8.7 million) than white women (3.7 million) and the numbers in both of these groups exceed those for black men (1.7 million) and black women (420 thousand), respectively. (These numbers are projected from earlier data and represent people 18 years and older, who are resident, civilian, and noninstitutionalized. From Williams et al. 1989, Alcohol Health and Research World, 13 (4):366 – 370.

Even if you don’t drink, alcohol abuse has a substantial impact on you and your family. The costs associated with alcohol use, abuse, dependence are enormous and impact each and every one of us. The approximate costs to the nation and thus to you as an individual who pays taxes are given in the table below. The total of alcohol and related drug costs to our society amount to more than $275 billion per year - about $1,000 for every man, woman and child in the nation.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Costs, $(Million) US, 1995

  Alcohol 1995 Drugs 1995
Specialty alcohol and drug services 6,660 5,258
Medical consequences 15,830 6,623
Loss of Earnings - Death 34,921 16,247
Loss of Earnings - Illness 77,150 17,481
Loss of Earnings - Criminal Activity 7,231 43,821
Crashes, Fires 24,752 20,402
Total 166,543 109,832

Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH Publication No. 98-4327, Sept 1998.


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©2003 Kennesaw State University
Principal Investigator Laurence Peterson
Project Director Matthew Hermes